The ND factor of a filter, often referred to as the ND number, determines the amount of darkening the filter delivers. Filters with a higher ND factor allow photographers to reduce the amount of light entering the lens without changing the aperture number or shutter speed. This is particularly useful in situations where the photographer needs to control movement in the scene, such as blurring water streams or clouds in the sky, or when they need to maintain a certain depth of field even in strong daylight.