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Solid state drives (SSD) are a modern alternative to standard hard disk drives. Their main advantages include higher speeds, low power consumption and increased resistance to physical influences. Today, the SSD is being promoted as the main system drive because of its dramatic influence on the improved functionallity of both applications and operating system.

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SSD Format

The format defines the physical dimensions of the SSD disk. It is important to pay attention to avoid compatibility problems. Today we distinguish between the two main SSD formats:

  • M.2 - A modern format that makes SSD drives more economical in size. Instead of mounting them in the case, they are placed directly on the motherboard. The M.2 format opens new speed options for SSDs, which is mainly provided by the NVMe compatible interface.
  • 2.5" - This is a traditional format taken from older disk drives. These SSDs are not expensive and fit into older assemblies or laptops as they connect via the established SATA III bus. A modern way to connect faster 2.5" SSDs is through a U.2 port.
  • PCIe - PCI-Express SSDs use a standard NVMe controller, only its connected via a general PCIe x4 port, which can be found on virtually all motherboards. For M.2 SSDs, you can purchase a PCIe slot adapter.

Capacity of SSD Drives

Hard drive capacity defines the amount of free space available to you for the operating system, documents, programs, movies, and all the data you accumulate on your computer.

CapacityWhat the Disk Can Handle
from 120GBoperating system, basic set of programs
from 240GBoperating system, a number of programs used, and a few games
from 480GBoperating system, a large number of programs, and about 10 games
from 960GBoperating system, almost all programs, lots of games and some videos and photos

SSD Drive Interface

The interface in this context means how to connect the drive to a computer. Each interface has some features such as improved speed or power capabilities. Each interface has one or more specific connectors.

Internal SSD Interface

We use the internal interface to connect SSDs placed inside the computer

  • SATA III - SATA is already a heavily experienced interface for connecting internal drives. However, modern SSD drives outperform SATA capabilities, which use the AHCI communications interface optimised primarily for much slower HDDs.
  • mSATA - mSATA is a kind of spiritual precursor to SSD format M.2. The name implies that it communicates via the SATA bus so that all its limitations apply to this format. The advantage is only smaller dimensions. They are not too popular, and standard SATA connectors are not compatible, so make sure you check your computer twice for this special slot.
  • M.2 (SATA) - M.2 is the format we have imagined above and does not guarantee higher speeds per se. The M.2 interface can also handle drives communicating through the older SATA bus, but their speeds will be limited by this fact.
  • M.2 (NVMe) - NVMe is a communications interface that replaces the obsolete AHCI and meets the needs of fast SSD drives much better. Its biggest advantage is enabling high-speed parallel data transfer via PCI-Express. NVMe SSDs are the fastest storage you can enjoy today.
  • PCI-Express - PCIe SSD drives are actually NVMe SSDs that use a common PCI Express 3.0 x4 bus connector instead of a specialised M.2 slot to communicate. There are also reduction cards through which the M.2 SSD can be connected to the PCIe slot.
  • U.2 - The M.2 format has enabled SSDs to shrink significantly, which in some applications, has also reduced their capacity. The U.2 connector can connect 2.5" SSD drives with the NVMe to ensure high speeds for them. If your motherboard does not have a U.2 connector, it can be connected to the M.2 slot via an adapter.
PortCommunication InterfaceMaximum speed
PCIe x4NVMe4000 MB/s
U.2
M.2 (NVMe)
M.2 (SATA)AHCI (SATA III)600 MB/s
mSATA
SATA III

External SSD Interface

The external interface is used to connect external drives as well. In these waters, the USB interface versions dominates the others. See the table below for the speeds of each interface.

  • USB 2.0 - USB 2.0 is not the oldest, but it has become nearly obsolete. The potential of a fast SSD is completely lost with this connection.
  • USB 3.0 (3.1 Gen1) - Do not be fooled by misleading markings. USB 3.1 Gen1 is a good old USB 3.0, which is now being referred to in this new way in some new contexts. This interface is already capable of handling external SSDs.
  • USB 3.1 (3.1 Gen2) - USB 3.1 Gen2 offers twice the bit rate compared to Gen1, plus up to 100W power.
  • USB-C - This connector roughly corresponds to a well-known microUSB, but it has a number of advantages that make it a connector of the future. The most general of these is its symmetrical shape, which you'll always connect on the first attempt. At the same time, USB-C supports all USB connectors including the USB 3.1 Gen2. At the same time, the USB-C can handle network connectivity through Ethernet and image transfer using HDMI 2.0. Due to its high popularity, USB-C is already on the line of modern external SSD drives.
USB TypeSpeed
USB 2.0480 Mb/s
USB 3.0 (3.1 Gen1)5 Gb/s
USB 3.1 (3.1 Gen2)10 Gb/s

SSD Drive Speed: Reading and Writing

The speed of reading for an SSD is the speed at which the device is able to access stored data. Writing speed is how fast the drive can receive data and save it.

  • MB/s - A standard unit that records the speed of sequential reading or writing of large files, such as movies or compressed data.
  • IOPS - A unit relevant to the reading and writing context of smaller files located on different parts of the SSD disk, such as application files or operating systems.
SSDMB/s (read/write)IOPS (Read/Write)
Lowest Class (AHCI)360/130 MB/s76,000/73,000 IOPS
Middle Class (AHCI)540/520 MB/s97,000/88,000 IOPS
Higher class (NVMe)2 000/800 MB/s170,000/135,000 IOPS
Highest Class (NVMe)3 500/2 100 MB/sIOPS 440,000/360,000

Special Features of SSD Drives

  • TRIM - This is an operation that provides the highest speed for SSD writing. When data is deleted, only the presence of the information is normally deleted, the actual content is deleted only when overwritten, which is a relatively lengthy process. The TRIM feature ensures that when the data is deleted, the SSD cells are released faster for a new entry.
  • RAID - The RAID feature allows data to be spread accross mulitple SSDs. The primary purpose of RAID connection is to protect stored data, but some types of RAID can also have a very positive effect on speed.

SSD Drive Features

  • SLC -SLCs store only one bit in each cell, resulting in high speeds and a long service life. However, the low density of data makes these SSDs quite expensive.
  • MLC - SSD drives using MLC can hold two bits in one cell. This will increase the data density and reduce the price. But with it, life and speed.
  • TLC - With TLC memory, it is possible to store three bits in one cell, which significantly increases data density, reduces physical dimensions, and reduces costs. Unfortunately, I think there is worse reliability and also lower speed of these discs.
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Synology SNV3410-800G
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Kingston XS2000 Portable SSD 1TB
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Samsung 980 PRO 1TB
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Synology SNV3410-400G
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Kingston XS2000 Portable SSD 2TB
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Apacer AS350 Panther 256GB
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Synology SAT5200-480G
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Kingston XS2000 Portable SSD 4TB
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Patriot P210 512GB
SSD 2,5", SATA III, QLC (Quad-Level Cell), theoretical lifespan 240TBW
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QNAP TS-i410X-8G -  NAS Free delivery
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QNAP TS-i410X-8G
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SureFire GX3 Gaming SSD 1TB Black
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Patriot P210 256GB
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Synology SAT5210-1920G
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Kingston XS2000 Portable SSD 500GB
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Apacer AS350 Panther 1TB
SSD 2,5", SATA III, TLC (Triple-Level Cell), theoretical lifespan 600TBW
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QNAP TS-410E-8G -  NAS Free delivery
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SureFire GX3 Gaming SSD 512GB Black
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ADATA Ultimate SU650 SSD 240GB
SSD 2,5", SATA III, TLC (Triple-Level Cell), theoretical lifespan 140TBW
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LaCie Rugged Mini SSD 2TB
External Hard Drive - 2,5", interface: USB 3.2 Gen 2x2, read speed up to 130MB/s, storage capacity of 2000GB, IP 67, with rubber material
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Patriot P210 1TB
SSD 2,5", SATA III, QLC (Quad-Level Cell), theoretical lifespan 480TBW
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LaCie Rugged Mini SSD 500GB
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Kingston A400 960GB 7mm
SSD 2,5", SATA III, TLC (Triple-Level Cell), theoretical lifespan 300TBW
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LaCie Rugged Mini SSD 1TB
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SSD

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SSD

SSD (Solid State Drive) storage media are used as an alternative to hard drive media, especially in portable computers. They offer different ways to store data than conventional hard drives. Instead of read heads and rotating platters, SSDs use NAND flash memory. Like conventional hard drives, SSDs do not lose any data during power failure. There are also other types of solid state memory, eg. SDRAM and DRAM. However, they do not extend as far as those using flash memory.


The main advantages of SSD Drives are speed, power consumption and reliability. SSDs simply start functioning faster due to the absence of moving parts, have a higher reading speed than conventional hard drives and have an incredibly low latency (ie. seek time), which is 100 times faster. This accelerates operation - to boot the operating system and run different applications. Their power consumption and heat production is low, as they have no mechanical parts. This also relates to much higher reliability in operation. The mechanical parts in hard drives tend to wear out, and even risk destroying the drive with strong vibrations and temperatures. This does not apply to SSD Drives, meaning they are particularly suitable for portable computers. An almost insignificant disadvantage does exist as there is a limited number of write cycles for the existing types of SDDs, allowing operation over an average period of 51 years.

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